Country, group of countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Austria 16.7 16.9 18.7 18.3 19.9 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.7 23.9 24.4 24.5 25.2 26.0 26.9 27.3 27.8 27.9 27.3 27.2 27.2 28.7 29.7 30.1
Belgium 20.6 18.4 19.3 20.4 21.5 21.7 22.0 21.9 22.4 23.2 23.7 24.7 24.7 24.3 23.7 24.3 24.7 24.5 24.5 24.9 24.4 24.1 23.8 23.7
Bulgaria .. 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.4
Cyprus 7.6 7.4 6.3 7.6 7.5 7.6 6.6 6.4 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.7 11.9 13.5 13.0 13.4 12.2 10.8 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.3 8.3
Czechia 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.0 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.9
Denmark 21.4 19.6 20.0 20.3 21.9 21.5 23.0 23.0 23.1 24.6 24.8 24.3 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 25.0 24.7 23.9 24.2 23.4 23.9 24.2 25.2
Estonia 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.8 7.1 6.4 9.4 9.8 9.3 9.2 8.9 8.3 9.4 9.7 9.6 11.0 11.3 12.3 12.2 13.2 13.5
Finland 11.9 11.6 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.3 13.5 13.4 12.7 13.3 13.9 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.9 15.1 15.1 15.5 14.8 16.9 17.0 17.0
France 16.8 16.3 16.1 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.1 17.2 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.6 17.7 18.1 18.6 18.4 18.3 18.2 18.0 17.5 17.0 17.3 16.5 16.6
Greece 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.7 8.4 9.3 9.4 9.8 9.7 9.1 9.1 8.6 8.2 8.0 7.3
Netherlands 41.0 41.9 43.4 44.6 45.2 45.1 45.0 45.7 46.1 47.0 48.1 48.3 49.0 49.8 49.6 50.0 49.7 49.8 50.1 50.2 50.8 42.7 42.6 42.8
Croatia .. .. 6.5 6.6 6.5 7.8 7.0 6.1 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.2 5.6 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.6 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.7 3.7
Ireland 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.7 16.6 .. 16.6 17.9 18.7 21.3 22.4 23.3 23.7 23.7 23.0 22.2 21.9 20.1 19.5 19.7 18.2 19.7 20.0 20.3
Poland 9.3 9.2 9.6 9.3 9.6 9.8 8.9 8.5 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.7
Latvia 10.5 9.4 9.1 9.5 10.2 7.6 5.9 5.6 5.9 8.2 9.4 8.8 8.9 7.5 6.8 7.2 8.5 7.7 7.3 8.4 8.9 7.8 6.6 6.8
Lithuania 8.9 8.4 9.5 8.6 8.4 6.9 10.0 8.6 6.5 7.9 7.8 8.3 8.9 8.4 8.6 7.6 7.1 7.6 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.7 5.9
Luxembourg 11.2 11.3 11.6 13.4 16.3 17.4 17.1 17.8 17.9 17.6 17.5 18.0 18.5 18.7 18.5 18.5 19.2 19.6 17.8 17.0 18.1 18.1 18.3 18.3
Hungary 3.4 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.3 5.2 5.5 6.4 6.7 6.4 6.0 5.7 4.8 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.0
Malta 6.1 7.1 8.4 8.9 7.8 9.0 9.7 10.6 11.1 11.0 11.6 12.6 13.2 14.0 15.3 14.3 13.9 13.7 13.1 12.1 11.1 10.7 10.8 10.6
Germany 19.1 19.9 20.3 21.2 21.9 23.4 25.2 25.4 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.9 25.8 26.7 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.9 26.8 27.2 27.8 27.8 28.0 28.7
Italy 8.7 8.9 8.5 8.5 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.4 14.1 14.1 14.8 15.2 16.8 17.6 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.5 18.3 18.7 18.2 18.2 17.9 17.6
Portugal 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.9 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.5 10.3 11.2 11.1 10.1 9.9 9.5 8.9 8.1 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.8 7.3
Romania 14.0 14.3 9.7 10.6 9.2 9.2 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 9.9 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.8 7.4 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.9 3.7 3.3 3.4
Spain 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.8 12.0 11.6 11.4 11.6 12.4 12.9 13.5 14.4 15.7 15.8 15.6 15.1 14.9 14.5 14.5 13.9 13.7 13.4 13.1
Sweden 21.8 20.2 20.4 22.2 23.1 24.0 24.3 24.2 25.7 26.0 25.8 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.6 24.3 23.9 23.3 22.6 22.5 22.3 20.4 20.3 20.0
Slovakia 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.1 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.9 4.5 4.6 3.1 3.1 3.3
Slovenia 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.8 8.3 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.1 9.5 10.3 9.5 9.0 9.3 10.0 10.1 9.3 10.3 9.7 8.4 8.3 9.2 8.7 8.5
EU27_2020 .. .. 14.2 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.9 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.6 18.6 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.3 18.3 18.2 17.7 17.6 17.8
United Kingdom 24.4 24.4 24.5 25.0 25.1 24.2 24.2 24.1 24.2 25.0 25.7 25.6 26.0 25.6 25.4 25.2 25.2 24.9 24.6 24.4 .. .. .. ..
North Macedonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.3 6.4 5.6 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.1 4.4 5.8 4.2 4.7 4.1 3.4 4.1 3.7 .. .. ..
Norway 25.7 25.6 25.7 28.3 29.1 27.7 28.1 27.5 27.4 27.8 27.6 27.3 27.2 27.0 25.7 26.0 26.0 25.4 25.7 25.8 25.2 24.8 24.4 24.2
Russiaa 7.4 5.2 3.8 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.1 .. .. ..
Switzerland 29.3 30.7 30.6 31.5 32.0 32.2 32.4 32.5 33.3 33.7 34.2 34.1 34.7 35.1 36.4 36.5 36.9 37.0 37.4 38.0 38.2 37.9 37.6 38.0
Türkiye .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 7.9 8.7 10.6 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.9 11.1 10.3 9.9 10.0 10.4 9.9 11.8 9.5 9.2 9.6
Israela 15.6 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.6 16.1 16.0 16.1 15.2 14.9 16.1 15.9 16.0 15.9 15.5 15.3 15.5 15.1 14.3 14.7 15.4 15.7
Japana 15.9 17.6 17.7 18.2 18.1 18.3 18.0 18.9 19.6 20.3 20.2 20.6 20.5 21.9 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.4 23.9 25.2 25.8 25.6 25.1 24.8
Republic of Koreaa 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.7 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.9 10.6 13.5 10.1 11.0 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.4 12.2 14.0 15.4 16.1 16.4 16.1
Canadaa 18.1 18.1 18.8 19.0 18.5 18.4 18.2 18.4 18.6 19.5 19.6 19.4 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.0 19.3 19.4 19.0 19.1 18.0 18.4 18.2 18.0
Australiaa .. 23.8 24.0 24.3 23.8 24.0 23.9 23.7 23.8 24.6 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.2 25.9 25.7 25.5 25.5 25.1 24.9 23.9 23.5
New Zealanda 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.2 21.9 22.1 22.4 21.8 22.1 22.3 21.9 21.7 21.4 21.1 21.0 20.5 19.5 19.7 20.0 19.1 19.5

Footnotes

*Download date: 2 October 2024.
aData refer to population aged 15 and over.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); OECD (Paris).

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
green number
Revised datum.
.