Countries, country group 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
reference year
Austria 7.3 8.1 8.2 7.4 7.1 7.8 8.6 7.7 7.8 9.1 8.2 8.1 8.3 7.3 7.8
Belgium 15.1 14.3 13.8 11.7 12.3 12.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 14.9 14.9 13.9 12.6 12.4
Bulgaria .. 14.7 16.0 8.1 6.9 8.0 11.0 12.5 13.0 12.1 11.6 11.9 11.1 9.0 9.3
Cyprus 4.4 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.0 4.9 4.9 6.5 7.9 9.7 10.9 10.6 9.4 8.6 6.8
Czechia 8.9 8.9 8.6 7.2 6.0 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.6 6.8 6.7 5.5 4.5 4.2
Denmark 10.1 9.6 10.1 8.5 8.8 10.6 10.5 10.2 11.9 12.2 11.6 10.7 10.0 9.8 9.3
Estonia 9.5 7.1 6.2 5.3 5.6 9.0 10.0 9.1 8.5 7.6 6.6 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.5
Finland 10.0 9.1 8.8 7.5 8.4 9.3 10.0 9.3 9.0 10.0 10.8 11.4 10.7 10.8 9.7
France 8.7 9.1 9.6 8.8 8.4 9.9 9.4 8.4 8.1 9.6 8.6 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.9
Greece 7.6 8.2 8.2 7.5 6.6 7.6 11.9 14.1 18.1 17.1 16.8 17.2 15.6 14.6 13.8
Netherlands 9.8 10.9 9.7 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.9 8.9 9.3 10.2 10.2 9.6 9.5 8.5 9.3
Croatia .. .. .. .. .. 13.9 15.9 16.8 14.8 14.7 14.4 13.0 12.2 11.2 9.2
Ireland 14.7 12.9 14.3 13.7 20.0 22.9 24.2 23.4 23.9 21.0 18.7 17.8 16.2 13.0 13.6
Poland 14.3 12.4 10.1 8.0 6.9 7.3 6.9 6.9 7.2 7.3 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7
Latvia 8.4 7.1 6.1 5.5 7.4 12.6 12.6 11.7 10.0 9.6 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.6 7.6
Lithuania 9.7 8.3 6.5 6.1 7.2 9.4 12.7 11.4 11.0 8.8 9.3 10.2 9.8 9.0 7.6
Luxembourg 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.7 6.3 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 6.9 8.3 7.6
Hungary 9.5 13.1 11.3 12.0 11.3 11.9 12.8 13.5 13.6 12.8 9.4 8.1 6.6 5.5 4.9
Malta 9.6 9.7 9.6 8.6 9.2 9.2 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.9 9.2 7.3 7.1 5.5 4.9
Germany 12.0 13.6 11.5 11.7 10.9 11.3 11.2 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.6 8.7 8.1 7.6
Italy 11.0 11.3 10.2 10.4 9.2 10.6 10.5 10.6 11.3 12.1 11.7 12.8 11.8 11.3 10.0
Portugal 6.0 6.6 7.2 6.3 7.0 8.6 8.2 10.1 12.2 12.2 10.9 9.1 8.0 7.2 6.2
Romania .. .. 9.9 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.9 7.6 7.2 7.9 8.2 6.9 7.4 6.0
Spain 6.9 6.5 6.8 6.6 7.6 10.8 13.4 14.3 15.7 17.1 15.4 14.9 12.8 10.7 10.9
Sweden 7.6 6.8 6.0 7.0 8.5 8.5 9.4 8.1 9.2 8.9 8.7 8.5 8.9 8.9 8.5
Slovakia 6.6 6.2 6.5 5.2 5.6 7.9 7.7 7.2 7.6 7.1 7.1 6.5 5.4 5.2 6.2
Slovenia 8.6 6.9 7.3 6.7 5.6 7.0 7.6 7.5 8.0 8.7 7.4 7.4 6.2 5.4 5.2
EU27_2020 .. .. .. .. .. 9.9 10.4 10.2 10.6 11.1 10.5 10.4 9.4 8.8 8.3
United Kingdom 12.8 12.1 10.5 10.8 12.7 13.2 11.5 13.0 13.2 12.3 11.9 11.3 10.1 8.6 ..
EU28 .. .. .. .. .. 10.3 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.3 10.7 10.5 9.6 8.8 8.5
Euro area–19 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.3 9.1 10.4 11.0 10.7 11.2 11.8 11.2 11.1 10.2 9.4 9.0
Iceland 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.1 5.7 6.3 6.1 6.2 4.9 5.2 4.3 3.8 3.8 ..
North Macedonia .. .. .. .. .. 24.5 20.0 19.9 17.6 17.2 17.4 16.3 16.9 16.4 13.6
Norway 8.3 7.7 8.8 6.5 6.9 7.5 7.1 7.2 6.3 6.0 7.8 7.7 8.8 9.2 8.6
Switzerland .. .. 4.5 3.3 4.1 4.1 4.6 3.5 4.0 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.9
Serbia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.1 20.5 21.2 21.5 20.1 18.0 16.6
Turkey .. 15.5 12.0 12.0 11.9 12.3 11.9 10.9 10.4 10.5 10.9 10.1 9.9 9.7 10.2
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