Countries, country group 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
reference year
Austria 3.5 3.6 3.3 5.9 4.6 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.8 2.6
Belgium 6.5 6.4 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.9 5.7 6.3 5.1 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.4
Bulgaria .. 57.7 57.6 41.2 41.9 45.7 43.6 44.1 43.0 33.1 34.2 31.9 30.0 20.9 20.9
Cyprus 12.2 12.6 13.3 9.1 9.5 11.2 11.7 15.0 16.1 15.3 15.4 13.6 11.5 10.2 9.1
Czechia 11.8 9.6 7.4 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 5.6 4.8 3.7 2.8 2.7
Denmark 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 3.6 3.2 3.7 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.6
Estonia 12.4 7.0 5.6 4.9 6.2 9.0 8.7 9.4 7.6 6.2 4.5 4.7 4.1 3.8 3.3
Finland 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.8 2.4
France 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.7 4.7
Greece 12.8 11.5 11.5 11.2 11.0 11.6 15.2 19.5 20.3 21.5 22.2 22.4 21.1 16.7 16.2
Netherlands 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5
Croatia .. .. .. .. .. 14.3 15.2 15.9 14.7 13.9 13.7 12.5 10.3 8.6 7.2
Ireland 5.1 4.8 4.5 5.5 6.1 5.7 7.8 9.9 9.9 8.4 8.5 6.7 5.2 4.9 5.4
Poland 33.8 27.6 22.3 17.7 15.0 14.2 13.0 13.5 11.9 10.4 8.1 6.7 5.9 4.7 3.6
Latvia 39.3 31.3 24.0 19.3 22.1 27.6 31.0 25.6 24.0 19.2 16.4 12.8 11.3 9.5 7.8
Lithuania 32.6 25.3 16.6 12.5 15.6 19.9 19.0 19.8 16.0 13.6 13.9 13.5 12.4 11.1 9.4
Luxembourg 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3
Hungary 22.9 20.9 19.9 17.9 20.3 21.6 23.4 26.3 27.8 24.0 19.4 16.2 14.5 10.1 8.7
Malta 5.4 3.9 4.4 4.3 5.0 6.5 6.6 9.2 10.2 10.3 8.5 4.4 3.3 3.0 3.6
Germany 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.5 5.4 4.5 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.6
Italy 6.8 6.4 7.0 7.5 7.3 7.4 11.1 14.5 12.3 11.6 11.5 12.1 10.1 8.5 7.4
Portugal 9.3 9.1 9.6 9.7 9.1 9.0 8.3 8.6 10.9 10.6 9.6 8.4 6.9 6.0 5.6
Romania .. .. 38.0 32.7 32.1 30.5 29.5 31.1 29.8 25.9 22.7 23.8 19.7 16.8 14.5
Spain 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.6 4.5 4.9 4.5 5.8 6.2 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 5.4 4.7
Sweden 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.8
Slovakia 22.1 18.2 13.7 11.8 11.1 11.4 10.6 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.0 8.2 7.0 7.0 7.9
Slovenia 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.7 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.6 5.8 5.4 4.6 3.7 2.6
EU27_2020 .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 9.4 10.2 9.8 9.1 8.4 7.9 6.9 6.1 5.5
United Kingdom 5.3 4.5 4.2 4.5 3.3 4.8 5.1 7.8 8.3 7.4 6.1 5.2 4.1 4.6 ..
EU28 .. .. .. .. .. 8.4 8.8 9.9 9.6 8.9 8.1 7.5 6.6 5.9 5.5
Euro area–19 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.9 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.0 6.6 5.9 5.5 4.9
Iceland 2.7 2.1 2.1 0.8 0.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.3 0.7 ..
North Macedonia .. .. .. .. .. 34.7 40.3 40.9 37.7 35.7 30.4 30.0 31.1 30.5 30.4
Norway 3.5 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.9 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.1
Switzerland .. .. 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 2.1 1.9
Serbia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.9 26.3 24.0 19.5 17.4 15.9 14.6
Turkey .. 60.4 58.8 57.7 56.7 59.3 57.9 55.0 43.8 29.3 30.3 32.9 28.7 26.4 26.3
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