Countries, country group |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
reference year |
Austria |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
5.9 |
4.6 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
Belgium |
6.5 |
6.4 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
5.1 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
5.5 |
5.2 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
Bulgaria |
.. |
57.7 |
57.6 |
41.2 |
41.9 |
45.7 |
43.6 |
44.1 |
43.0 |
33.1 |
34.2 |
31.9 |
30.0 |
20.9 |
20.9 |
Cyprus |
12.2 |
12.6 |
13.3 |
9.1 |
9.5 |
11.2 |
11.7 |
15.0 |
16.1 |
15.3 |
15.4 |
13.6 |
11.5 |
10.2 |
9.1 |
Czechia |
11.8 |
9.6 |
7.4 |
6.8 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
4.8 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
Denmark |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
3.7 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
2.6 |
Estonia |
12.4 |
7.0 |
5.6 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
9.4 |
7.6 |
6.2 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
Finland |
3.8 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
France |
5.3 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
5.8 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
Greece |
12.8 |
11.5 |
11.5 |
11.2 |
11.0 |
11.6 |
15.2 |
19.5 |
20.3 |
21.5 |
22.2 |
22.4 |
21.1 |
16.7 |
16.2 |
Netherlands |
2.5 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
14.3 |
15.2 |
15.9 |
14.7 |
13.9 |
13.7 |
12.5 |
10.3 |
8.6 |
7.2 |
Ireland |
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
5.7 |
7.8 |
9.9 |
9.9 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
6.7 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
Poland |
33.8 |
27.6 |
22.3 |
17.7 |
15.0 |
14.2 |
13.0 |
13.5 |
11.9 |
10.4 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
Latvia |
39.3 |
31.3 |
24.0 |
19.3 |
22.1 |
27.6 |
31.0 |
25.6 |
24.0 |
19.2 |
16.4 |
12.8 |
11.3 |
9.5 |
7.8 |
Lithuania |
32.6 |
25.3 |
16.6 |
12.5 |
15.6 |
19.9 |
19.0 |
19.8 |
16.0 |
13.6 |
13.9 |
13.5 |
12.4 |
11.1 |
9.4 |
Luxembourg |
1.8 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
Hungary |
22.9 |
20.9 |
19.9 |
17.9 |
20.3 |
21.6 |
23.4 |
26.3 |
27.8 |
24.0 |
19.4 |
16.2 |
14.5 |
10.1 |
8.7 |
Malta |
5.4 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
9.2 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
8.5 |
4.4 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
Germany |
4.6 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
Italy |
6.8 |
6.4 |
7.0 |
7.5 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
11.1 |
14.5 |
12.3 |
11.6 |
11.5 |
12.1 |
10.1 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
Portugal |
9.3 |
9.1 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
9.1 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
8.6 |
10.9 |
10.6 |
9.6 |
8.4 |
6.9 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
Romania |
.. |
.. |
38.0 |
32.7 |
32.1 |
30.5 |
29.5 |
31.1 |
29.8 |
25.9 |
22.7 |
23.8 |
19.7 |
16.8 |
14.5 |
Spain |
4.1 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.5 |
4.9 |
4.5 |
5.8 |
6.2 |
7.1 |
6.4 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
Sweden |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
Slovakia |
22.1 |
18.2 |
13.7 |
11.8 |
11.1 |
11.4 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
10.2 |
9.9 |
9.0 |
8.2 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.9 |
Slovenia |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
6.7 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
4.6 |
3.7 |
2.6 |
EU27_2020 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.9 |
9.4 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
9.1 |
8.4 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
6.1 |
5.5 |
United Kingdom |
5.3 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
4.5 |
3.3 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
7.8 |
8.3 |
7.4 |
6.1 |
5.2 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
.. |
EU28 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
8.4 |
8.8 |
9.9 |
9.6 |
8.9 |
8.1 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
Euro area–19 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
6.9 |
7.8 |
7.5 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
4.9 |
Iceland |
2.7 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
.. |
North Macedonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
34.7 |
40.3 |
40.9 |
37.7 |
35.7 |
30.4 |
30.0 |
31.1 |
30.5 |
30.4 |
Norway |
3.5 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
Switzerland |
.. |
.. |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
Serbia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
26.9 |
26.3 |
24.0 |
19.5 |
17.4 |
15.9 |
14.6 |
Turkey |
.. |
60.4 |
58.8 |
57.7 |
56.7 |
59.3 |
57.9 |
55.0 |
43.8 |
29.3 |
30.3 |
32.9 |
28.7 |
26.4 |
26.3 |
.