Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Total R&D personnel in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 12,627 12,846 12,130 11,530 11,589 11,292
Higher education 31,083 33,600 33,539 34,196 37,835 35,484
Business enterprises 35,677 38,205 41,764 45,154 45,524 41,452
Total 79,387 84,651 87,433 90,880 94,948 88,228
Total R&D personnel in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 4,691 6,478 5,376 5,131 5,084 4,808
Higher education 13,254 15,164 14,844 15,107 15,792 16,036
Business enterprises 8,232 8,516 9,134 10,265 10,396 9,357
Total 26,177 30,158 29,354 30,503 31,272 30,201
Researchers in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 7,906 8,046 8,285 7,896 7,960 7,658
Higher education 23,288 24,612 24,945 25,832 29,899 27,808
Business enterprises 23,776 25,433 28,947 31,474 32,237 30,351
Total 54,970 58,091 62,177 65,202 70,096 65,817
Researchers in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 2,745 3,379 3,192 3,186 3,082 2,925
Higher education 8,417 9,574 9,522 10,111 11,131 11,179
Business enterprises 4,204 4,480 4,999 5,809 5,948 5,607
Total 15,366 17,433 17,713 19,106 20,161 19,711

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external

Explanation of symbols

blue number
Preliminary datum.
.