Year R&D units' Innovation-active enterprises as a percentage of total enterprises
R&D staff as a percentage of total labour forcea of which: researchers R&D capital expenditure as a percentage of national investments Intramural R&D expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)b
1990 0.81 0.39 1.27 1.60 ..
1991 0.63 0.31 0.45 1.07 ..
1992 0.57 0.29 0.60 1.05 ..
1993 0.58 0.30 0.56 0.98 ..
1994 0.59 0.32 0.56 0.89 ..
1995 0.54 0.29 0.71
0.71c
 ..
1996 0.55 0.29 0.40 0.63 ..
1997 0.57 0.31 0.48 0.70 ..
1998 0.56 0.32 0.53 0.66 ..
1999 0.56 0.33 0.52 0.67 ..
2000 0.61 0.37 0.64 0.79 ..
2001 0.59 0.38 0.75 0.91 ..
2002 0.61 0.39 0.74 0.98 ..
2003 0.59 0.39 0.76 0.92 ..
2004 0.59 0.38 0.60 0.86 ..
2005 0.60 0.41 0.72 0.92 ..
2006
0.66d
 0.45 0.90 0.98 ..
2007 0.67 0.45 0.59 0.95 ..
2008 0.71 0.48 0.62 0.98 ..
2009
0.77e
 0.52 0.75 1.13 ..
2010 0.81 0.55 0.79 1.13 31.1
2011 0.87 0.59 0.86 1.18 ..
2012 0.90 0.60 1.33 1.25 32.5
2013 0.95 0.62 1.62 1.38 ..
2014 0.88 0.62 1.15 1.34 25.6
2015 0.85 0.58 0.98 1.34 ..
2016 0.80 0.58 0.92 1.18 29.0
2017 0.89 0.62 1.10 1.32 ..
2018 0.99 0.68 1.03 1.51
28.7f
2019 1.05 0.72 0.93 1.47 ..
2020 1.10 0.77 0.87 1.59 32.7
2021 1.14 0.81 0.72 1.64 ..
2022 1.14 0.82 0.69 1.39
30.2g
2023 1.10 0.82 0.65 1.39 ..

Footnotes

aInternal full-time equivalents (FTE).
bThe revision of data is due to the revision of the GDP data.
cCalculation of GDP is based on ESA 2010 methology.
dGrossing up of LFS data is based on the adjusted population number of 2011 census dating back to 2006.
eAs the number of employed persons was adjusted based on a new methodology from 1 January 2021, the data were revised back to 2009, so the comparability with previous years is limited.
fBreak in series in 2016–2018 is due to change in the methodology of innovation data collection. See methodological guide.
gBreak in series in 2020–2022 is due to change in the methodology of innovation data collection. See methodological guide.

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
blue number
Preliminary datum.
.