Year Number of R&D institutes and other goverment research units Number of R&D units in higher education Number of R&D units of business enterprisesa Number of R&D unitsa
1990 142 940 174 1,256
1991 133 1,000 124 1,257
1992 118 1,071 98 1,287
1993 124 1,078 178 1,380
1994 112 1,106 183 1,401
1995 107 1,109 226 1,442
1996 121 1,120 220 1,461
1997 131 1,302 246 1,679
1998 132 1,335 258 1,725
1999 130 1,363 394 1,887
2000 121 1,421 478 2,020
2001 133 1,574 630 2,337
2002 143 1,613 670 2,426
2003 168 1,628 674 2,470
2004 175 1,697 669 2,541
2005 201 1,566 749 2,516
2006 208 1,552 1,027 2,787
2007 219 1,496 1,125 2,840
2008 195 1,471 1,155 2,821
2009 197 1,394 1,307 2,898
2010 190 1,409 1,384 2,983
2011 188 1,380 1,432 3,000
2012 131 1,376 1,583 3,090
2013 130 1,317 1,712 3,159
2014 136 1,288 1,570 2,994
2015 135 1,253 1,413 2,801
2016 125 1,311 1,291 2,727
2017 119 1,346 1,644 3,109
2018 127 1,333 2,031 3,491
2019 142 1,331 2,082 3,555
2020 144 1,287 2,231 3,662
2021 132 1,246 2,305 3,683
2022 135 1,240 2,002 3,377
2023 133 1,264 1,696 3,093

Footnotes

aFrom 2021 due to methodological change, data are not fully comparable with data for the previous period.

Explanation of symbols

__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
green number
Revised datum.
.