| Country, group of countries |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2022 |
| Austria |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
| Belgium |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
| Bulgaria |
13.3 |
14.4 |
13.3 |
12.3 |
11.6 |
10.4 |
9.7 |
9.2 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
9.4 |
8.5 |
7.8 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
4.8 |
| Cyprus |
5.6 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
4.6 |
3.1 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
| Czechia |
4.1 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
| Denmark |
5.3 |
4.9 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
| Estonia |
8.4 |
8.8 |
5.7 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
5.4 |
4.4 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
2.5 |
3.6 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
| Finland |
3.8 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
| France |
4.5 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
| Greece |
5.9 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
| Netherlands |
5.1 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.4 |
4.9 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
| Croatia |
7.4 |
7.7 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
5.7 |
5.2 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
5.0 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
| Ireland |
6.2 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
4.6 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
| Poland |
8.1 |
7.7 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
| Latvia |
10.3 |
11.0 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
7.7 |
7.4 |
8.5 |
6.6 |
7.6 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
4.4 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
| Lithuania |
8.6 |
8.0 |
8.1 |
6.9 |
8.1 |
7.1 |
7.2 |
6.3 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
4.2 |
4.5 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
| Luxembourg |
5.1 |
5.9 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
3.9 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
3.4 |
4.3 |
2.5 |
3.9 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
4.3 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
| Hungary |
9.2 |
8.1 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
5.3 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
| Malta |
5.2 |
3.8 |
5.4 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.4 |
3.7 |
6.6 |
8.5 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
6.5 |
5.3 |
6.7 |
5.0 |
5.8 |
7.4 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
6.7 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
5.3 |
| Germany |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
| Italy |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
| Portugal |
5.5 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
| Romania |
18.6 |
18.4 |
17.3 |
16.7 |
16.8 |
15.0 |
13.9 |
12.0 |
11.0 |
10.1 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
8.9 |
8.2 |
7.5 |
6.8 |
6.5 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
5.7 |
| Spain |
4.4 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
| Sweden |
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
| Slovakia |
8.6 |
6.2 |
7.6 |
7.9 |
6.8 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
4.9 |
5.8 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
| Slovenia |
4.9 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
1.6 |
2.9 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
| EU27_2020 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
5.5 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
| United Kingdom |
5.6 |
5.5 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Iceland |
3.0 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
2.7 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
1.4 |
| North Macedonia |
11.8 |
11.9 |
10.2 |
11.3 |
13.2 |
12.8 |
11.5 |
10.3 |
9.7 |
11.7 |
7.6 |
7.6 |
9.8 |
10.2 |
9.9 |
8.6 |
11.9 |
9.2 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
.. |
| Montenegro |
11.1 |
14.6 |
10.8 |
11.0 |
7.8 |
8.4 |
11.0 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
5.7 |
6.7 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.9 |
2.2 |
3.4 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
1.4 |
.. |
| Norway |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
| Russia |
15.5 |
14.8 |
13.9 |
13.0 |
12.0 |
11.1 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
9.0 |
8.6 |
8.4 |
8.2 |
7.9 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
5.5 |
5.1 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
| Switzerland |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
| Serbia |
10.6 |
10.2 |
10.1 |
9.0 |
8.1 |
8.0 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
| Türkiye |
28.4 |
28.6 |
29.6 |
29.1 |
27.4 |
25.8 |
24.5 |
16.5 |
15.7 |
13.7 |
12.0 |
11.7 |
11.6 |
10.8 |
11.1 |
10.7 |
10.0 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.1 |
.. |
9.3 |
9.2 |
| India |
66.4 |
64.5 |
62.6 |
60.6 |
58.7 |
56.8 |
54.8 |
52.8 |
50.8 |
48.7 |
46.7 |
44.6 |
42.5 |
40.5 |
38.5 |
36.5 |
34.7 |
32.9 |
31.3 |
29.7 |
28.1 |
26.8 |
25.5 |
| Israel |
5.6 |
5.4 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
| Japan |
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
| China |
29.9 |
27.8 |
25.7 |
23.5 |
21.4 |
19.4 |
17.7 |
16.1 |
14.8 |
13.6 |
12.5 |
11.5 |
10.5 |
9.7 |
8.9 |
8.2 |
7.6 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
6.0 |
5.5 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
| Republic of Korea |
6.5 |
6.1 |
5.8 |
5.5 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
| South Africa |
49.0 |
49.4 |
49.8 |
49.7 |
49.6 |
49.9 |
49.1 |
47.5 |
44.0 |
40.0 |
35.7 |
33.4 |
32.0 |
31.1 |
30.4 |
29.8 |
29.4 |
28.9 |
28.5 |
28.2 |
28.1 |
27.8 |
27.7 |
| Egypt |
37.2 |
35.3 |
33.6 |
32.0 |
30.6 |
29.4 |
28.2 |
27.1 |
26.0 |
25.0 |
24.0 |
23.0 |
22.1 |
21.3 |
20.5 |
19.7 |
19.1 |
18.4 |
17.8 |
17.2 |
16.6 |
16.0 |
15.5 |
| Brazil |
30.3 |
28.5 |
26.7 |
25.0 |
23.5 |
22.0 |
20.6 |
19.4 |
18.4 |
17.4 |
16.6 |
16.0 |
15.4 |
14.9 |
14.5 |
14.2 |
15.0 |
13.7 |
13.4 |
13.2 |
13.0 |
12.8 |
12.5 |
| United States |
7.1 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
| Canada |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
| Mexico |
23.6 |
22.6 |
21.7 |
20.9 |
20.1 |
19.4 |
18.7 |
18.1 |
17.5 |
16.9 |
16.4 |
15.9 |
15.4 |
14.9 |
14.4 |
14.0 |
13.5 |
13.1 |
12.7 |
12.2 |
11.8 |
11.4 |
11.0 |
| Australia |
5.1 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
| New Zealand |
6.1 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); World Development Indicators (The World Bank, Washington D.C.).
.
