| Country, group of countries |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2022 |
2023 |
| Austria |
9.8 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.1 |
8.5 |
| Belgium |
11.4 |
11.2 |
10.9 |
11.0 |
11.3 |
11.4 |
11.6 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
11.7 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.2 |
10.8 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
10.2 |
9.9 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
| Bulgaria |
9.0 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.7 |
9.1 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
10.4 |
10.9 |
10.2 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
| Cyprus |
12.2 |
11.6 |
11.1 |
11.3 |
11.4 |
11.2 |
11.6 |
11.2 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
11.8 |
11.3 |
11.8 |
10.8 |
10.9 |
10.8 |
11.1 |
10.7 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
11.1 |
11.4 |
11.2 |
11.1 |
| Czechia |
8.9 |
8.9 |
9.1 |
9.2 |
9.6 |
10.0 |
10.3 |
11.1 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.2 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
10.5 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
10.7 |
10.5 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
9.5 |
8.4 |
| Denmark |
12.6 |
12.2 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
11.7 |
11.8 |
11.4 |
11.4 |
10.6 |
10.4 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.8 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
10.8 |
9.9 |
9.7 |
| Estonia |
9.4 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
11.0 |
11.8 |
12.0 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
11.1 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
10.7 |
10.5 |
10.9 |
10.6 |
9.9 |
10.0 |
8.6 |
8.0 |
| Finland |
11.0 |
10.8 |
10.7 |
10.9 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.2 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
11.3 |
11.4 |
11.1 |
11.0 |
10.7 |
10.5 |
10.1 |
9.6 |
9.1 |
8.6 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
9.0 |
8.1 |
7.8 |
| France |
13.3 |
13.1 |
12.9 |
12.8 |
12.8 |
12.8 |
13.1 |
12.8 |
12.9 |
12.8 |
12.9 |
12.7 |
12.6 |
12.4 |
12.4 |
12.0 |
11.8 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.2 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
9.9 |
| Greece |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
10.2 |
10.1 |
10.7 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
9.1 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.6 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
8.1 |
7.3 |
|
| Netherlands |
13.0 |
12.6 |
12.5 |
12.3 |
11.9 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
11.2 |
11.1 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
10.1 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
10.2 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
| Croatia |
9.8 |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
9.9 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
10.1 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
9.1 |
9.0 |
9.3 |
9.1 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
| Ireland |
14.4 |
15.0 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.2 |
14.8 |
15.3 |
16.2 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
16.5 |
16.2 |
15.6 |
14.9 |
14.4 |
13.9 |
13.4 |
12.8 |
12.5 |
11.9 |
11.1 |
11.8 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
| Poland |
9.9 |
9.6 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.5 |
9.8 |
10.2 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
10.2 |
10.1 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
9.7 |
10.1 |
10.6 |
|
|
|
9.0 |
8.3 |
7.4 |
| Latvia |
8.6 |
8.4 |
8.7 |
9.2 |
9.1 |
9.8 |
10.3 |
10.9 |
11.2 |
10.3 |
9.4 |
9.1 |
9.8 |
10.2 |
10.9 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
10.7 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
7.7 |
| Lithuania |
9.8 |
9.0 |
8.6 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
9.1 |
9.3 |
9.9 |
10.2 |
9.9 |
10.0 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
9.8 |
9.5 |
8.9 |
8.4 |
8.3 |
7.8 |
7.2 |
| Luxembourg |
13.1 |
12.4 |
12.0 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
11.5 |
11.7 |
11.4 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.6 |
10.9 |
11.3 |
11.3 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
10.0 |
10.2 |
10.5 |
9.9 |
9.5 |
| Hungary |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
9.6 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
9.1 |
9.1 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
9.1 |
| Malta |
11.3 |
10.1 |
9.9 |
10.2 |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
8.1 |
8.1 |
| Germany |
9.3 |
8.9 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.1 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
|
| Italy |
9.5 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
9.8 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.1 |
7.9 |
7.6 |
7.3 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.4 |
| Portugal |
11.7 |
10.9 |
11.0 |
10.8 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
8.2 |
8.4 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.1 |
7.6 |
8.0 |
8.1 |
| Romania |
10.4 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
10.1 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
10.3 |
10.8 |
10.9 |
10.5 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
9.4 |
10.0 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
10.8 |
10.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Spain |
9.8 |
9.9 |
10.1 |
10.4 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
10.8 |
10.9 |
11.3 |
10.6 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
9.7 |
9.1 |
9.2 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
8.4 |
7.9 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
7.1 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
| Sweden |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.7 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
11.2 |
11.7 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
12.3 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
11.7 |
11.8 |
11.5 |
11.4 |
11.1 |
10.9 |
11.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
| Slovakia |
10.2 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.6 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
10.7 |
11.4 |
11.2 |
11.3 |
10.3 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
10.7 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
9.7 |
9.0 |
| Slovenia |
9.1 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
9.8 |
10.8 |
10.7 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
10.7 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.0 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
8.9 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
| EU27_2020 |
10.5 |
10.2 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.2 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.4 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
10.1 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| United Kingdom |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.3 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
12.3 |
12.6 |
12.9 |
12.7 |
12.9 |
12.8 |
12.8 |
12.1 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
11.8 |
11.4 |
11.0 |
10.7 |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
| Iceland |
15.3 |
14.4 |
14.1 |
14.3 |
14.5 |
14.4 |
14.5 |
14.6 |
15.2 |
15.8 |
15.4 |
14.1 |
14.1 |
13.4 |
13.4 |
12.5 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
12.0 |
12.3 |
12.3 |
13.1 |
11.5 |
11.0 |
| North Macedonia |
14.5 |
13.3 |
13.7 |
13.3 |
11.5 |
11.0 |
11.1 |
11.1 |
11.2 |
11.5 |
11.8 |
11.1 |
11.4 |
11.2 |
11.4 |
11.1 |
11.1 |
10.5 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
9.9 |
9.2 |
| Montenegro |
15.2 |
14.6 |
13.9 |
13.6 |
12.8 |
12.0 |
12.3 |
12.7 |
13.4 |
14.0 |
12.0 |
11.6 |
12.0 |
12.0 |
12.1 |
11.9 |
12.2 |
11.9 |
11.7 |
11.6 |
11.4 |
11.4 |
11.4 |
.. |
| Norway |
13.2 |
12.6 |
12.2 |
12.4 |
12.4 |
12.3 |
12.6 |
12.4 |
12.7 |
12.8 |
12.6 |
12.2 |
12.0 |
11.6 |
11.5 |
11.3 |
11.3 |
10.7 |
10.4 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
10.4 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
| Russia |
8.7 |
9.0 |
9.7 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
11.3 |
12.0 |
12.3 |
12.5 |
12.6 |
13.3 |
13.2 |
13.3 |
13.3 |
12.9 |
11.5 |
10.9 |
10.1 |
9.8 |
9.6 |
8.9 |
.. |
| Switzerland |
10.9 |
10.0 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
9.9 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
10.4 |
10.5 |
10.5 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
10.0 |
9.9 |
10.3 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
| Serbia |
9.8 |
10.5 |
10.4 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.1 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
8.9 |
9.1 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
| Türkiye |
21.1 |
20.3 |
18.6 |
18.0 |
18.1 |
18.2 |
18.1 |
18.4 |
18.2 |
17.5 |
16.9 |
16.7 |
17.0 |
16.8 |
17.3 |
16.9 |
16.5 |
16.1 |
|
|
13.3 |
12.8 |
12.2 |
11.2 |
| India |
27.0 |
26.7 |
26.1 |
25.4 |
24.7 |
23.9 |
23.2 |
22.7 |
22.3 |
21.9 |
21.4 |
20.9 |
20.4 |
19.9 |
19.0 |
18.8 |
18.5 |
17.9 |
17.7 |
17.0 |
16.6 |
16.4 |
16.3 |
.. |
| Israel |
21.7 |
21.2 |
21.2 |
21.7 |
21.3 |
20.8 |
21.0 |
21.1 |
21.5 |
21.5 |
21.8 |
21.4 |
21.6 |
21.3 |
21.5 |
21.3 |
21.2 |
21.1 |
20.8 |
20.1 |
19.2 |
19.7 |
19.0 |
.. |
| Japan |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
8.9 |
8.8 |
8.4 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
7.8 |
7.6 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
.. |
| China |
14.0 |
13.4 |
12.9 |
12.4 |
12.3 |
12.4 |
12.1 |
12.1 |
12.1 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
13.3 |
14.6 |
13.0 |
13.8 |
12.0 |
13.6 |
12.6 |
10.9 |
10.4 |
8.5 |
7.5 |
6.8 |
.. |
| Republic of Korea |
13.5 |
11.7 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
9.2 |
10.1 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
5.9 |
5.3 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
.. |
| Egypt |
27.0 |
26.8 |
26.5 |
26.3 |
26.0 |
26.0 |
25.9 |
26.2 |
26.1 |
26.3 |
27.2 |
27.4 |
28.0 |
28.5 |
28.4 |
28.1 |
25.9 |
25.2 |
24.6 |
23.6 |
23.1 |
22.6 |
22.1 |
.. |
| Brazil |
19.8 |
19.3 |
18.6 |
17.9 |
17.6 |
17.3 |
16.9 |
16.4 |
15.9 |
15.7 |
15.5 |
15.3 |
14.9 |
14.7 |
14.8 |
14.7 |
14.1 |
14.2 |
14.1 |
13.6 |
13.1 |
12.9 |
12.6 |
.. |
| United States |
14.4 |
14.1 |
14.0 |
14.1 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.3 |
14.3 |
14.0 |
13.5 |
13.0 |
12.7 |
12.6 |
12.4 |
12.5 |
12.4 |
12.2 |
11.8 |
11.6 |
11.4 |
10.9 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
.. |
| Canada |
10.7 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
10.7 |
11.0 |
11.3 |
11.5 |
11.4 |
11.2 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
10.1 |
9.9 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
9.0 |
.. |
| Mexico |
24.2 |
23.7 |
23.3 |
22.8 |
22.4 |
21.9 |
21.5 |
21.1 |
20.7 |
20.4 |
20.2 |
19.9 |
19.6 |
19.3 |
18.7 |
18.0 |
17.4 |
16.9 |
16.5 |
15.7 |
15.6 |
14.9 |
14.6 |
.. |
| Australia |
13.0 |
12.7 |
12.8 |
12.6 |
12.3 |
12.8 |
12.9 |
14.1 |
14.0 |
13.9 |
13.7 |
13.6 |
13.7 |
13.3 |
13.2 |
12.9 |
12.9 |
12.6 |
12.6 |
12.1 |
11.5 |
12.1 |
11.6 |
.. |
| New Zealand |
14.7 |
14.4 |
13.7 |
13.9 |
14.2 |
14.0 |
14.1 |
15.2 |
15.1 |
14.5 |
14.7 |
14.0 |
13.9 |
13.2 |
12.7 |
13.2 |
12.6 |
12.4 |
11.8 |
12.0 |
11.3 |
11.5 |
11.5 |
.. |
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); World Development Indicators (The World Bank, Washington D.C.).
.
