3.4.1. Main ratios of research, development and innovation (1990–)

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Year R&D units' Innovation-active enterprises as a percentage of total enterprises
R&D staff as a percentage of total labour forcea of which: researchers R&D capital expenditure as a percentage of national investments Intramural R&D expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)
1990 0.81 0.39 1.27 1.60 ..
1991 0.63 0.31 0.45 1.07 ..
1992 0.57 0.29 0.60 1.05 ..
1993 0.58 0.30 0.56 0.98 ..
1994 0.59 0.32 0.56 0.89 ..
1995 0.54 0.29 0.71 0.71b ..
1996 0.55 0.29 0.40 0.63 ..
1997 0.57 0.31 0.48 0.70 ..
1998 0.56 0.32 0.53 0.66 ..
1999 0.56 0.33 0.52 0.67 ..
2000 0.61 0.37 0.64 0.79 ..
2001 0.59 0.38 0.75 0.91 ..
2002 0.61 0.39 0.74 0.98 ..
2003 0.59 0.39 0.76 0.92 ..
2004 0.59 0.38 0.60 0.86 ..
2005 0.60 0.41 0.72 0.92 ..
2006 0.66c 0.45 0.90 0.98 ..
2007 0.67 0.45 0.59 0.96 ..
2008 0.71 0.48 0.62 0.98 ..
2009 0.79 0.54 0.75 1.13 ..
2010 0.84 0.57 0.79 1.13 31.1
2011 0.90 0.61 0.86 1.18 ..
2012 0.93 0.62 1.33 1.26 32.5
2013 0.98 0.64 1.62 1.39 ..
2014 0.91 0.64 1.15 1.35 25.6
2015 0.88 0.60 0.98 1.34 ..
2016 0.82 0.59 0.92 1.18 29.0
2017 0.91 0.64 1.10 1.32 ..
2018 1.02 0.70 1.03 1.51 28.7d
2019 1.08 0.74 0.91 1.48 ..
aInternal full-time equivalents (FTE).  bCalculation of GDP is based on ESA 2010 methology.  cGrossing up of LFS data is based on the adjusted population number of 2011 census dating back to 2006.  dBreak in series in 2016–2018 is due to change in the methodology of innovation data collection. See methodological guide.  Preliminary data  Revised data 

© Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 2011